System Design
Master the art of designing large-scale distributed systems. Learn how to think about scalability, reliability, and performance in technical interviews.
Key Concepts
🧮
Back-of-envelope Estimation
Calculate traffic, storage, and bandwidth needs for system design.
Key Topics:
- •QPS Calculations
- •Storage Estimation
- •Bandwidth Requirements
- •Memory Caching
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🏗️
High-Level Design
Create overall architecture with major components and their interactions.
Key Topics:
- •Component Diagrams
- •Data Flow
- •System Architecture
- •Service Boundaries
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📈
Scalability
Design systems that can handle growing amounts of work efficiently.
Key Topics:
- •Horizontal vs Vertical Scaling
- •Load Balancing
- •Auto-scaling
- •Microservices
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🗄️
Databases
Choose and design appropriate data storage solutions.
Key Topics:
- •SQL vs NoSQL
- •Database Sharding
- •Replication
- •Indexing
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⚡
Caching
Improve performance with intelligent caching strategies.
Key Topics:
- •Cache Strategies
- •CDN
- •Redis/Memcached
- •Cache Invalidation
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📬
Message Queues
Enable asynchronous communication between services.
Key Topics:
- •Kafka
- •RabbitMQ
- •Pub/Sub
- •Event-Driven Architecture
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🔌
API Design
Create robust and scalable API interfaces.
Key Topics:
- •REST
- •GraphQL
- •gRPC
- •API Versioning
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🌐
Distributed Systems
Build systems across multiple machines and data centers.
Key Topics:
- •CAP Theorem
- •Consistency Models
- •Consensus Algorithms
- •Distributed Transactions
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Common System Design Problems
System Design Interview Framework
1. Requirements Clarification: Understand functional and non-functional requirements
2. Back-of-envelope Estimation: Calculate traffic, storage, and bandwidth needs
3. High-Level Design: Create overall architecture with major components
4. Database Design: Choose database type and design schema
5. API Design: Define key APIs and interfaces
6. Deep Dive: Discuss specific components in detail
7. Bottlenecks & Trade-offs: Identify limitations and discuss alternatives